Transformers
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A transformer is a passive electromagnetic‑based device relying on mutual‑induction principle. It mainly steps up or steps down alternating‑current voltages and isolates circuits.
Basic components contain primary windings, secondary windings and iron cores. When alternating current flows through the primary coil, induced voltage generates on the secondary side. Voltage values depend on the turns ratio of two sets of coils.
Key parameters include rated power, input‑output voltage and operating frequency. Unlike semiconductors, transformers only work with AC instead of direct current.
They are extensively applied in power‑supply adapters, household power grids and industrial machinery. They provide safe suitable‑voltage power and reduce energy loss during power transmission.

